Standards project the future
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59490/jos.2023.7180Keywords:
Measurement standards, civilization, standardization, economic activityAbstract
Standards are shown to be fundamental to measurements and measurements emerge with early agrarian civilizations. This paper proposes that each of the six human civilizations: hunter/gatherer, agrarian, city state, industrial, information, and the future, may be better understood by examining the general form of standards necessary for that civilization. Then the latest form of standards offers some insight into future value systems.
References
L. Verman, Standardization, Archon Books , Hamden, CN., USA, 1973, page 1. "A little reflection will show that standardization in its broader view has furnished the base on which nature has created the universe."
An earlier description of the successions of standards was published in Bridge, the 50th anniversary issue of the Journal of the National Academy of Engineering, January 7, 2021, Vol 50, Issue S.
Lord Kelvin, Popular Lectures and Addresses vol. 1 (1889) ‘Electrical Units of Measurement’, delivered 3 May 1883.
iv J. C. Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd Ed. (1891), Dover Publications, New York, 1954, p. 1.
BIPM, the intergovernmental organization through which governments act together on matters related to measurement science and measurement standards, the SI base units, https://www.bipm.org/en/measurement-units/si-base-units, 03 December 2022.
D. H. Krantz, R. D. Luce, P. Suppes, A. Tversky, Foundations of Measurement, Academic Press, New York, 1971, Vol. 1, page 32. “The construction and calibration of measuring devices is a major activity, but it lies rather far from the sorts of qualitative theories we examine here”. This three volume work is the foundational text on representational measure.
L. Euler, Elements of Algebra, Chapter I, Article I, #3. Third ed., Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Co., London England, 1822. “Now, we cannot measure or determine any quantity, except by considering some other quantity of the same kind as known, and pointing out their mutual relation.”
The six dimensions of standards: Contribution towards a theory of standardization, E. Baskin, K. Krechmer and M. Sherif, Management of Technology, Sustainable Development and Eco-Efficiency, edited by Louis A Lefebvre, Robert M Mason, Tarek Khalil, Elsevier, 1998, page 53.
Von Petzinger G. 2016. The First Signs: Unlocking the Mysteries of the World’s Oldest Symbols. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Bunch B, Hellemans A. 1993. The Timetables of Technology. New York: Simon and Schuster. Unless otherwise noted, further historic references in this paper are from this book.
R. Friedel, A Culture of Improvement, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2007, pages 99-101.
David PA. 1987. Some new standards for the economics of standardization in the information age. In: Economic Policy and Technology Performance, eds Dasgupta P, Stoneman P. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
Krechmer K., Standards mark the course of economic progress. Available at https://www.iso.org/sites/materials/benefits-of-standards/benefits-detail1471.html?emid=152.
Arthur WB. 1988. Self-reinforcing mechanisms in economics. In: The Economy as an Evolving Complex System, eds Anderson PW, Arrow KJ, Pines D. Boston MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
K. Krechmer, Cloud Computing standardization, How does electrotechnology impact economic, social and environmental development? Winning papers from the IEC-IEEE Challenge 2012, p. 15-25, Geneva, Switzerland.
von Alven WH. 1983. Designing telephone and data equipment for the new competitive environment. IEEE International Conf Communications Record 1:405–409.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Ken Krechmer
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.